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The map is a representation of the Earth's surface, and has been our primary method of navigating the natural world for centuries. We’ve come a long way from stone-carved 3D models that were used during medieval times to flat 2D representations that we use today. And this evolution hasn’t just been about moving from 3D to 2D: there have also been changes in how we see and interact with maps and many other different types of geographic data visualization. In this article, we’ll look at the history of maps to see how they’ve changed over time. During prehistory, maps were used as a way to help hunters find prey. They would use landmarks and other visual cues to help them navigate through unfamiliar territory. The first known map drawn by a human is the Ishango bone from what is now called the Democratic Republic of Congo, a small piece of carved bone that was discovered in 1960 and dates back to approximately 24,000 years ago. It was drawn using a natural stain from berries on its surface, and depicts the Moon's phases. The map is part of the collection of the British Museum in London UK. The oldest known maps are cave paintings at Lascaux, in France. They date back to approximately 17,000 years ago. It is likely that they were created by Neanderthals, who were early Homo sapiens who lived in the region at that time. Many other maps have been found throughout history, including thousands on the walls of Egyptian tombs and on pottery found on Easter Island. Some of these maps were drawn with stick or pigmentation, while others used woven palm fibers fused together using urine or resin to create a waterproof surface. A few surviving maps from ancient Egypt have been found. One of the best-preserved examples is a papyrus known as the Geographia Claudii Ptolemaei, a map made by Ptolemy around 150 CE. It depicts a partially mythical vision of the world that was based on Ancient Greek knowledge and data gathered from travelers and explorers at that time. For example, it shows features such as "the glass sea" (Oceanus Magnus) and an island called "Taprobane" (which is now Sri Lanka). This map is now located in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Library in Florence Italy. The oldest known map from Asia is a rock painting in the cave of Gia-Lao-tse, near Ta Prohm, Cambodia. It was created at least 12,000 years ago and depicts a mountain range in a similar position to the Himalayas. The map is currently located at the British Museum in London UK. In China, maps were used by astronomers to predict the positions of celestial objects. Around 4500 BC, they began using maps to show different messages and warnings to their emperor. In one example from this time period, a map shows the outline of an enemy state and has been carved with texts such as "If you invade… we will burn your farms. eccc085e13
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